SUDAN+country+info

Development indicators
Sudan Country Report
 * || Country || SUDAN ||  ||   ||


 * |||||||||| Data Profile ||
 * || 2000 || 2005 || 2006 || 2007 ||
 * Population, total (millions)]] || 33.35 || 36.90 || 37.71 || 38.56 ||
 * Population growth (annual %)]] || 2.3 || 2.1 || 2.2 || 2.2 ||
 * Surface area (sq. km) (thousands)]] || 2,505.8 || 2,505.8 || 2,505.8 || 2,505.8 ||
 * Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population)]] || .. || .. || .. || .. ||
 * GNI, Atlas method (current US$) (billions)]] || 10.27 || 22.94 || 29.25 || 37.03 ||
 * GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$)]] || 310 || 620 || 780 || 960 ||
 * GNI, PPP (current international $) (billions)]] || 34.77 || 57.46 || 65.49 || 72.58 ||
 * GNI per capita, PPP (current international $)]] || 1,040 || 1,560 || 1,740 || 1,880 ||
 * **People** ||
 * Income share held by lowest 20%]] || .. || .. || .. || .. ||
 * Life expectancy at birth, total (years)]] || 56 || 58 || 58 || .. ||
 * Fertility rate, total (births per woman)]] || 5.1 || 4.5 || 4.3 || .. ||
 * Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women ages 15-19)]] || 76 || 62 || 59 || .. ||
 * Contraceptive prevalence (% of women ages 15-49)]] || 7 || .. || 8 || .. ||
 * Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total)]] || 87 || .. || 49 || .. ||
 * Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000)]] || 97 || 90 || 89 || .. ||
 * Malnutrition prevalence, weight for age (% of children under 5)]] || 38 || .. || .. || .. ||
 * Immunization, measles (% of children ages 12-23 months)]] || 58 || 69 || 73 || .. ||
 * Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group)]] || 37 || 47 || .. || .. ||
 * Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary education (%)]] || .. || 89 || 89 || .. ||
 * Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages 15-49)]] || .. || .. || .. || 1.4 ||
 * **Environment** ||
 * Forest area (sq. km) (thousands)]] || 704.9 || 675.5 || .. || .. ||
 * Agricultural land (% of land area)]] || 56.2 || 57.6 || .. || .. ||
 * Annual freshwater withdrawals, total (% of internal resources)]] || .. || .. || .. || .. ||
 * Improved water source (% of population with access)]] || 69 || .. || 70 || .. ||
 * |Improved sanitation facilities, urban (% of urban population with access)]] || 51 || .. || 50 || .. ||
 * Energy use (kg of oil equivalent per capita)]] || 414 || 499 || .. || .. ||
 * CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita)]] || 0.2 || .. || .. || .. ||
 * Electric power consumption (kWh per capita)]] || 62 || 94 || .. || .. ||
 * **Economy** ||
 * GDP (current US$) (billions)]] || 12.37 || 27.39 || 36.40 || 47.63 ||
 * GDP growth (annual %)]] || 8.4 || 6.3 || 11.3 || 10.2 ||
 * Inflation, GDP deflator (annual %)]] || 8.7 || 12.2 || 6.5 || 7.0 ||
 * Agriculture, value added (% of GDP)]] || 42 || 34 || 32 || 32 ||
 * Industry, value added (% of GDP)]] || 22 || 28 || 29 || 28 ||
 * Services, etc., value added (% of GDP)]] || 37 || 39 || 39 || 41 ||
 * Exports of goods and services (% of GDP)]] || 15 || 18 || 17 || 16 ||
 * Imports of goods and services (% of GDP)]] || 18 || 28 || 27 || 23 ||
 * Gross capital formation (% of GDP)]] || 18 || 24 || 25 || 24 ||
 * Revenue, excluding grants (% of GDP)]] || .. || .. || .. || .. ||
 * Cash surplus/deficit (% of GDP)]] || .. || .. || .. || .. ||
 * States and markets ||
 * Time required to start a business (days)]] || .. || 39 || 39 || 39 ||
 * Market capitalization of listed companies (% of GDP)]] || .. || .. || .. || .. ||
 * Military expenditure (% of GDP)]] || 4.7 || 4.3 || .. || .. ||
 * Fixed line and mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people)]] || 1 || 6 || 13 || 20 ||
 * Internet users (per 100 people)]] || 0.0 || 1.4 || 8.5 || 9.9 ||
 * Roads, paved (% of total roads)]] || 36 || .. || .. || .. ||
 * High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports)]] || 4 || 1 || .. || .. ||
 * **Global links** ||
 * Merchandise trade (% of GDP)]] || 27 || 42 || 38 || 35 ||
 * Net barter terms of trade (2000 = 100)]] || 100 || 163 || 189 || .. ||
 * External debt, total (DOD, current US$) (millions)]] || 16,411 || 18,455 || 19,158 || .. ||
 * Short-term debt outstanding (DOD, current US$) (millions)]] || 4,842 || 6,277 || 6,535 || .. ||
 * Total debt service (% of exports of goods, services and income)]] || 9.7 || 6.4 || 4.1 || .. ||
 * Foreign direct investment, net inflows (BoP, current US$) (millions)]] || 392 || 2,305 || 3,534 || .. ||
 * Workers' remittances and compensation of employees, received (US$) (millions)]] || 641 || 1,016 || 1,156 || 1,156 ||
 * Official development assistance and official aid (current US$) (millions)]] || 220 || 1,832 || 2,058 || .. ||
 * Source: World Development Indicators database, September 2008 ||  ||
 * Source: World Development Indicators database, September 2008 ||  ||

from: [|http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:20535285~menuPK:1192694~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html]

==History HISTORY Independence day 1 January 1956 (from Egypt and UK) • Military regimes favoring Islamic-oriented governments have dominated national politics since independence from the UK in 1956. • Sudan was embroiled in two prolonged civil wars during most of the remainder of the 20th century. These conflicts were rooted in northern economic, political, and social domination of largely non-Muslim, non-Arab southern Sudanese. • The first civil war ended in 1972 but broke out again in 1983. The second war and famine-related effects resulted in more than four million people displaced and, according to rebel estimates, more than two million deaths over a period of two decades. • Peace talks gained momentum in 2002-04 with the signing of several accords. The final North/South Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), signed in January 2005, granted the southern rebels autonomy for six years. After which, a referendum for independence is scheduled to be held. • A separate conflict, which broke out in the western region of Darfur in 2003, has displaced nearly two million people and caused an estimated 200,000 to 400,000 deaths. • The UN took command of the Darfur peacekeeping operation from the African Union on 31 December 2007. • As of early 2008, peacekeeping troops were struggling to stabilize the situation, which has become increasingly regional in scope, and has brought instability to eastern Chad, and Sudanese incursions into the Central African Republic. • Sudan also has faced large refugee influxes from neighboring countries, primarily Ethiopia and Chad. Armed conflict, poor transport infrastructure, and lack of government support have chronically obstructed the provision of humanitarian assistance to affected populations. ==

Religion Jordan
-70% Muslim -Sunni (Northern Sudan) -5% Christian -Catholic (About 99.95% of the entire Christian Population in Sudan) -Anglican (About 0.05% of the entire Christian Population in Sudan) -Coptic (Far North - Very small numbers - Mostly Nubians) -25% Traditional Religions
 * Religious Make-up of Sudan:**

-Previous name of the leading political party, the NCP (National Congress Party), was called the //National Islamic Front// until 1993 -Shari'a Law is enforced in Sudan - It is the "law" in Northern Sudan but is only applied in Southern Sudan when due to a "popular consensus" http://www.arab.de/arabinfo/sudan.htm https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/su.html#Govt http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Sudan http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Sudan http://www.espac.org/sudan_region/religion_sudan.asp
 * Muslim Influence on Government**

Colonisation Habib
The Colonization of Sudan

Early Foreign Presence

• 1820-21: Ottomans conquered the northern part of the nation, unifying it under a government called Turkiyah, or Turkish regime. • Egypt claimed control of much of southern Sudan, establishing several provinces and compounds. • The Ottomans and Egyptians were eventually driven out by the Mahdi and his followers (Ansars), who led a revolt. • An Anglo-Egyptian Force arrived from the north, but they were defeated and several British soldiers and missionaries were massacred. • Great Britain negotiated a joint-administration with the Mahdi, and by doing so, maintained political presence in the area.

European Colonialism

• 1892: Belgians claimed sections of south Sudan, renamed them Lado Enclave, and officially annexed them into the Belgian Congo. • 1896: The Brits negotiated with the Belgians, and an agreement was signed that transferred control of the Lado Enclave to Great Britain after the death of King Leopold II in 1910. • 1896: The French claimed several areas of north Sudan, such as the Bahr el Ghazal, and the Western Upper Nile and Fashoda. These were to be annexed into French West Africa. • 1898: Great Britain and Egypt had joint control over all of present day Sudan, but the North & South were considered separate colonies. • 1899: After an international conflict between France and Great Britain that came to be known as the Fashoda Incident, Britain ceded the areas from France. • Britain hoped to unite Sudan and add it to their eastern African colonies. • Britain developed the economy and infrastructure of the North, but had little influence over the south until 1920. • 1946: Britain united North and South Sudan at the Juba Conference (1947). • 1947: As a result of the Juba Conference, the Sudan Legislative Assembly, the joint government, is formed. • The north had more representation and was more organized than the south, politically. The southern Sudanese felt betrayed by the British and did not consider Sudan a legitimate, unified state.

Independence

• 1953: Great Britain and Egypt signed an agreement granting Sudan self-government. • 1954: First Sudanese parliament formed. • 1956: Sudan officially achieved independence under a provisional constitution. • Arab-led Khartoum government had conflicts with the representatives from the South, which sparked seventeen years of civil war. (1955-1972)

Main ethnic groups

The preliminary way to distinguish between Sudan's numerous ethnic groups is by religion, specifically, Muslim and non-muslim (Christian or other tribal belief). However, the divides between the groups are also based on language, culture, race, and other things. There are over 600 different ethnic or tribal groups and Sudan.

The Indigenous Sudanese, of whom the Dinka form the largest portion, constitute about 52% of the national population; Arabs form an estimated 39% of the population; and Beja 6%. In all, there are nearly 600 ethnic groups. Foreigners constitute 2% of the total populace; other groups another 1%.

Main Ethnic groups:

People Location Acholi east Pari east Anuak central The Bari southern (Juba) Didinga east Fula east Kakwa southwest Lotuko east Madi east Shilluk east Toposa east

Human rights Samih
__1)__ Conflicts between the government and rebel groups--the civil war involving north-south tensions, the Darfur conflict involving Arab-tribespeople tensions in the Darfur region in the west--have resulted in rape, torture, killings, and massive population displacements (estimated at over 2 million in 2007), earning Sudan comparison to Rwanda in the press. There have also been several reported cases of crucifixions carried out in Sudan. According to the //Christian Science monitor// on March 25, 2004: The Darfur region war boils down to this: African tribes have long been at odds with Arab groups in the region over access to good land. Then, last year, two armed African groups began a rebellion against the Khartoum regime. The government responded by apparently giving military support to Arab militias. There are reports of Sudanese military planes bombing villages, after which Arab militias go in and rape and kill survivors. 2) According to Rory Mungoven, spokesman for the Coalition to Stop the Use of Child soldiers, Sudan has one of the worst child soldier problems in the world. There are more than 17,000 child soldiers fighting on the government side or for rebel forces even after 20,000 former child soldiers had been demobilized from rebel groups in Southern Sudan in 2001. They carry AK-47s and M-16s on the front lines of combat, while serving as human mine detectors, participating in suicide missions, and acting as spies. Many are abducted or recruited by force, and often compelled to follow orders under the threat of death. Others join armed groups out of desperation or after being subjected to lies and brainwash. Many children are promised that they are going to attend school, which are actually military training facilities disguised as school. The facilities, despite being under the direction of the United Nations and international organizations, are where children were brainwashed to become ruthless killers. Improvements in technology have provided weapons which weigh less, cost less, and can be assembled, loaded, and fired by an illiterate child, adding additional appeal to child soldiers. 3)Sudan is a country much in need of human rights defenders. Until recently, the government interpreted human rights as a challenge to the authority of state institutions and suppressed those who advocate respect for human rights. In response to this practice, some of Sudan's most prominent human rights activists have fled the country. Hopefully, the new constitution will help to unite the Sudanese people in the common purpose of pursuing human rights. If it does not, the current condition of human rights violations will certainly divide the country between those seeking respect for human rights and those without respect for these basic foundations of human dignity.

Economic development Nilo
Sudan’s Economical History Sudan’s economy is heavily dependent on agriculture and oil (even though Sudan’s current production of oil is barely over half a million barrels a year). Cotton and gum Arabic are the main cash crops that Sudan grows, as well as wheat for internal consumption. Recently, the government has tried diversifying its cash crops but the low rainfall levels, poor infrastructure, poor irrigation, and poor transportation mediums have made this hard. During the 1960’s Sudan grew 46%, then 170% in the following decade. By the 1990’s Sudan was only growing 26%. The devaluation of exported agricultural crops, which Sudan relied heavily on during the 1970’s, created a massive economical problem in Sudan. The nation had to turn to the IMF for help and today its foreign debt exceeds $17 billion. Sudan’s poor climate is not the only one to blame. The mentalities of government officials and policy makers in Sudan have only worsened the situation. The Islamic law implemented in Sudan discouraged Western nations from investing in the country. Also, the revolution of 1989 (the year when the military junta took control) caused Canada, the United States, and certain European nations to cut their development aid to Sudan. Sudan only started allowing their citizens to hold foreign cash in 1999. Recently, because of the rising prices of oil, the economic situation in Sudan has improved. The main factors preventing Sudan from reaching its potential today is the situation in Darfur, not only because of refugee displacement or because of the wasted workforce, but most importantly because it discourages international aid. Though countries continue to send humanitarian aid to Sudan, very few continue to invest in the African nation. The United States have imposed a trade embargo against Sudan since the end of the 1990’s believing that Sudan harbored terrorists. Today, Sudan’s main oil companies are of Chinese, Malay, or Indian origin. Sudan also receives aid from the rest of the OPEC countries and other countries of the Arab League.

Role in UN Da Sol
Known to be very uncooperative and cautious. __Humanitarian Assistance__ - UNHCR  - WFP - WHO - UNDP - FAO - UNICEF

ICC - cases of human rights violations against members of the sudanese government. Sudan wants immunity from persecution in exchange for permitance of UN force patrol in Darfur.

__UN Security Council__ Resolution 1590, 1769 authorizes the deployment of UN Peacekeeping forces UNMIS - verification of the cease-fire agreement. JAMfS - UNDP + WB. Assessment on the country's reconstruction and development. JAM Reports.
 * CPA** signed in 2005 mediated by the IGAD between the Sudanese government and the SPLM/A.

- Security Council Resolution 1769 authorization to carry out the implementation of the Darfur Peace Agreement that was signed between the Sudanese government and the SLM/S(which failed to stabilize the region) - "To protect its personnel and civilians without the prejudice to the responsibility of the Sudanese Government" - Headquarters in North Darfur - Total of about 31,000 personnels - Operation to last until July 31 2009 - Missions are to:**
 * __UNAMID - AU/UN Hybrid Operation in Darfur__.
 * **protection of civilians**
 * **security for humanitarian assistance,**
 * **monitoring and verifying implementation of agreements,**
 * **assisting an inclusive political process,**
 * **contributing to the promotion of human rights and the rule of law,**
 * **monitoring and reporting on the situation along the borders with Chad and the Central African Republic (CAR).**
 * In reality, the UNAMID face the following problems:**
 * **lack of cooperation from the Government of Sudan,**
 * **delays in the readiness of troop and police contributors to deploy, the prohibitive environment,**
 * **the immense logistical challenges inherent to Darfur**

[|**http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/missions/unamid/**] [|**http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/missions/unamid/background.html**]
 * Currently, the following countries are military units from:**
 * **Bangladesh**
 * **China**
 * **Egypt**
 * **Ethiopia**
 * **Gambia**
 * **Kenya**
 * **South Africa**
 * **Nigeria**
 * **Rwanda**
 * **Senegal**


 * 1) [|Http://www.sd.undp.org/un_sudan.htm]
 * 2) http://www.unsudanig.org/unsudan/index.php
 * 3) http://www.unmis.org/English/cpa.htm

Darfur Mo
==The common misconception the genral public has concerning the situation is that they percieve the conflict in Darfur to have been instigated and fueled by reliegion, rather than ethnicity which is the actual situation. Relevantly, belligerents from both sides of the conflict are actually of Muslim faith. The conflict is primarily between the Sudanese military and the goverment-recruited janjaweed, and non-Arab Sudanese organisations, more notably the Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM). The area was falling to drought and desertification, and both sides fought for control in order to provide them with a rich territory for supplying water and grazing cattle. Hpwever the means by which both belligerents went about attaining the land have long been questioned and the atttempts to surpress the ethnic violence have been abundant. The sitaution has become more devatating, and sickness and malnutrition have plagues the people; 2005 estimates show that an average of 15,000 people die every month and 1.85 million are displaced within Daurfur at the cause fo the conflict.==

There have certainly been many efforts to surpress the conflict, particularly the genocidal aspects of it. It has been brought to the public's attention that the government-employed Janjaweed has been casually partaking in various raids in the area, pilaging opposing villages and committing attrocities such as rape and murder. The Sudanese has claimed ignorance with such activities and deny any connection to the janjaweedm however it stands that it is a public secret and the only liable interpretation of the the situation. On the 31 August 2006, the United Nations apporved Resolution 1706 which called for the deployment of UN Peacekeepers in the area, an action plan which has certainly been challenged by the Sudanese government on the basis of infringment of national sovereignity.

The following describes the current situation:- The Darfur conflict has changed radically in the past year and not for the better. While there are many fewer deaths than during the high period of fighting in 2003-2004, it has mutated, the parties have splintered, and the confrontations have multiplied. Violence is again increasing in recent months while access for humanitarian agencies has become more difficult, international peacekeeping is not yet effective and a political settlement remains far off. Incidents, including major aerial bombardments and ground attacks were launched by the government in West Darfur in February 2008. In turn, an assault on Khartoum by Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) rebels in mid-May 2008 left at least 200 dead and was a milestone in the Darfur conflict, as it constitutes the first military strike on the capital since 30 years. Meanwhile the ruling National Congress Party (NCP) in Khartoum continues to deny the gravity of the situation and is pursuing destructive policies in Darfur, while at the same time resisting key provisions in the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) that ended the North-South war, thus triggering a crisis in that process, with heavy fighting between government and southern troops paralysing oil-rich Abyei in June 2008. The NCP wants Darfur in chaos to limit the room for an opposition to emerge, while resettling key allies on cleared land and defying Security Council resolutions by integrating its Janjaweed irregulars into official security structures instead of disarming them. Rebel DPA signatories, particularly the Sudan Liberation Army faction of Minni Minawi (SLA/MM), have been responsible for attacks on civilians, humanitarians, the AU mission (AMIS) and some of the violence in the internally displaced person (IDP) camps. Their leaders have been given government jobs and land and, as ardent supporters of the status quo and without a clearly defined role in the new negotiations, are potential spoilers. Rebel movements that did not sign have further splintered and only just begun tentative steps toward reunifying their ranks. Many have boycotted the talks and increased military action. As they divide along tribal lines, their messages become more fragmented and less representative of constituencies they claim to speak for. The IDP camps are increasingly violent, with residents manipulated by all sides while Khartoum also tries to force them to return to unsafe areas. Inter-Arab dissension has added new volatility to the situation on the ground. Some tribes are trying to solidify land claims as the UN/AU hybrid peacekeeping operation in Darfur (UNAMID) establishes itself. This has led to fighting with other Arab tribes, which have realized the NCP is not a reliable guarantor of their long-term interests and have started to take protection into their own hands. There is now a high risk of an Arab insurgency, as well as potential for alliances with the predominantly non-Arab rebel groups. A spillover of the conflict into Kordofan has also started. The May 2006 Darfur Peace Agreement (DPA) is a failure, too limited in scope and signatories. Those who signed – the government and a few rebel factions – have hurt the peace process. However the strategy the African Union (AU)/UN mediation has been following cannot cope with the new reality either and needs to be revised. After a highly publicised opening ceremony in Sirte, Libya, on 27 October 2007, the new peace talks have been put on hold, although a new joint AU/UN mediator, former Foreign Minister of Burkina Faso Djibrill Bassolé, was appointed in June 2008. The mediation should use this opportunity to reformulate the process, broadening participation and addressing all the conflict's root causes. The new realities emphasise the necessity of broadening participation in the peace talks to associate the full range of actors and constituencies involved in the conflict, including its primary victims, such as women, but also Arab tribes. Incorporating broader and more representative voices can help remedy the uneven weight the process now gives the NCP and rebel factions. Core issues that drive the conflict, among them land tenure and use, including grazing rights, and the role and reform of local government and administrative structures, were not addressed in the DPA but left to the Darfur-Darfur Dialogue and Consultation process that was supposed to follow the negotiations. They need to be on the agenda of the new negotiations if an eventual agreement is to gain the wide support the DPA has lacked. UNAMID began deploying on 31 December 2007 but is still rolling out and not yet fully operational. The mission has faced difficulties in its first months, including staff shortages, and seven peacekeepers were killed in an attack on 9 July. When it is on the ground, UNAMID must build upon lessons learned from its predecessor, including being more pro-active in protecting civilians and responding to ceasefire violations. Its leadership should also engage actively in the peace talks so as to ensure coherence between what is agreed and its capabilities. The international community must give it more support than it did AMIS, including strong responses, with sanctions as necessary, to further non-compliance by any party, as well as to actions that obstruct the peace process or violate international humanitarian law.

= US Policy on Darfur: = US Policy on Darfur:

From the Office of the Spokesman United States Policy on Sudan

• According to US Department of State • ‘committed to ending the violence and providing assistance to the suffering people of Darfur’ • ‘ensuring the peaceful democratic transformation throughout Sudan’ • implies that they want to support as allies • established USAID mission in Sudan • largest single donor to Sudan (85% of food supply) • more than $1.3 billion to support ‘humanitarian, reconstruction, and peacekeeping needs in both Darfur and other regions in Sudan’ • supports the African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS) with approximately 7,200 peacekeeping troops • contributed $132 million to the UN Mission in Sudan (UNMIS) Information from: US Department of State Link: http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2006/65973.htm

More recently, US sanctions have been imposed on Sudan • Sudan wont allow more troops into its nation • US sees this as a crucial step • ‘ban on companies trading or banking with the US would do little to achieve peace in "one of the most desperate places in the world", he said.’ • Sanctions are a message to Sudan that they must seek more outside help • While the intention of such sanction may be to help save the nation eventually, not really helping now Read Jeffrey Sachs’ condemnation of US Sanctions (US sanctions 'won't help Darfur): http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6704203.stm ‘U.S. pushes African nations to give troops for Darfur’ • United States put pressure on African nations • Troops needed to combat increasing violence "It is absolutely essential that member nations of the UN step up and make those troop contributions because without those troops ... you are never going to be able to change the situation," said State Department spokesman Sean McCormack. • UN sees what has happened in Sudan as ‘genocide’ http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=3060 __**US Trade Embargo on Sudan**__ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/monitoring/23891.stm
 * 5th November 1997, US announce sanctions on trade and economic deals between the US and Sudan.
 * The Sudanese government calls on the people of the free world to condemn this unjust decision and to consider it a hostile act aimed at undermining international stability and peace.
 * Many nations are questioning the effectiveness of those sanctions as Sudan has many trade allies in Asia, and Sudan's economy is booming, and oil continues to be the main factor in their economy.
 * Also, the boom is believed to be strengthening Bashirs authority in Sudan, therefore the embargo is believed to worsen the conflict.
 * Below is a statement of Sudan's reaction to the US statement:

In his voting record, Barrack Obama has tried to focus America’s efforts on issues in Africa, particularly ending the genocide in Darfur. “Obama will take immediate steps to end the genocide in Darfur by increasing pressure on the Sudanese and pressure the government to halt the killing and allow foreign help in Darfur. He and Joe Biden will hold the government in Khartoum accountable for abiding by its commitments under the Comprehensive Peace Accord that ended the 30 year conflict between the north and south. Obama worked to pass the Darfur Peace and Accountability Act in 200.” Obama’s voting record, and his foreign policy show that he has a keen interest in ending the war in Sudan. This might hinder the relationship between America and Sudan on the short-term, but will be better for their relationship and much better for Sudan on the long run. Obama is promoting stability and is offering immediate action to several African conflicts and issues rather than just admitting that they are problems. However, since USA is facing the world financial crisis, Obama will have his hands full with work on America’s finance and banking system. This might lead to delay in America’s involvement with the Darfur crisis. America’s current relationship with Sudan isn’t good as they are pressuring them into solving the Darfur crisis. The relationship between America and Sudan won’t change drastically during Obama’s presidency, except for the fact that he is promoting solving the situation in Darfur through diplomatic measures and through making deals and negotiations with Sudan’s government, as well as their rebel groups.
 * Democrat Policy on Sudan**

http://origin.barackobama.com/issues/foreign_policy/#onafrica

= =

<span style="color: rgb(240, 25, 25)">Alliances Ibby
Traditional Arab Allies: Egypt, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia (http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE0DA143CF934A35752C1A966958260)

<span style="color: rgb(240, 25, 25)">Foreign relations Howaida

 * In line with most Arab nations (part of Arab League)
 * Unity with Libya established in 1990 after growing tension in the 70s and 80s however is still tense
 * Appealed to Western aid and Arab powers in the 1990s while increasing ties with North Korea, Syria, Iran and Iraq
 * Continuous support for regional insurgencies (e.g. Hamas, Hezbollah, and the Egyptian, Eritrean, Ethiopian and Palestinian Jihads) distressing international community with regional instability
 * By late 1990s nine of neighboring countries had severed or damaged bilateral ties with Sudan
 * Strong friendly relations with China, India, Malaysia, Bangladesh, North and South Korea (Asia) and Russia, Germany, Belarus, and Romania (Europe)
 * Sanctions imposed by UN in 1995 with Sudanese involvement in attempted assassination plot against Hosni Mubarak in Ethiopia
 * US gov't imposed trade embargo in 1997 for Sudanese support of terrorism and regional instability (normalization talks broke down in 2008 over oil-producing central region of Abyei)
 * War with Chad since 2005 and all official diplomatic ties were cut in 2008 based on Chadian assistance to Darfurian rebels attacking Khartoum

<span style="color: rgb(240, 25, 25)">Trade Nigel

Trade Background Central Intelligence Agency: The World Factbook U.S. Department of State, Bureau of African Affairs

Export Commodities: oil and petroleum products; cotton, sesame, groundnuts, gum arabic, sugar, gold, sorghum, peanuts, meat, hides, live animals Partners: China 67.8%, Japan 19%, South Korea 2%, Egypt, Persian Gulf states, Sudi Arabia, Malaysia Import Commodities: foodstuffs, manufactured goods, refinery and transport equipment, medicines, textiles, wheat, oil and petroleum products, oil pipeline, pumping equipment, chemical products and equipment, tea, agricultural inputs and machinery, industrial inputs Partners: China 27.9%, Saudi Arabia 7.5%, India 6.3%, Egypt 5.6%, UAE 5.5%, Japan 4.2%, European Union, Malaysia, Canada, U.K., Italy, Germany, the Persian Gulf states, surrounding East African nations Natural Resources: modest reserves of oil, natural gas, gold, iron ore, copper, and other industrial metals Agriculture Products: cotton, peanuts, sorghum, sesame seeds, gum arabic, sugarcane, millet, livestock Industry Types: motor vehicle assembly, cement, cotton, edible oils and sugar refining <span style="color: rgb(240, 25, 25)"><span style="color: rgb(240, 25, 25)">

<span style="color: rgb(240, 25, 25)"><span style="color: rgb(240, 25, 25)">Government Francine
conventional long form: Republic of the Sudan conventional short form: Sudan local long form: Jumhuriyat as-Sudan local short form: As-Sudan former: Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Government type:

Government of National Unity (GNU) - the National Congress Party (NCP) and Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) formed a power-sharing government under the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA); the NCP, which came to power by military coup in 1989, is the majority partner; the agreement stipulates national elections in 2009 Capital:

name: Khartoum geographic coordinates: 15 36 N, 32 32 E time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

Administrative divisions:

25 states (wilayat, singular - wilayah); A'ali an Nil (Upper Nile), Al Bahr al Ahmar (Red Sea), Al Buhayrat (Lakes), Al Jazirah (El Gezira), Al Khartum (Khartoum), Al Qadarif (Gedaref), Al Wahdah (Unity), An Nil al Abyad (White Nile), An Nil al Azraq (Blue Nile), Ash Shamaliyah (Northern), Bahr al Jabal (Bahr al Jabal), Gharb al Istiwa'iyah (Western Equatoria), Gharb Bahr al Ghazal (Western Bahr al Ghazal), Gharb Darfur (Western Darfur), Janub Darfur (Southern Darfur), Janub Kurdufan (Southern Kordofan), Junqali (Jonglei), Kassala (Kassala), Nahr an Nil (Nile), Shamal Bahr al Ghazal (Northern Bahr al Ghazal), Shamal Darfur (Northern Darfur), Shamal Kurdufan (Northern Kordofan), Sharq al Istiwa'iyah (Eastern Equatoria), Sinnar (Sinnar), Warab (Warab) Independence:

1 January 1956 (from Egypt and UK) National holiday:

Independence Day, 1 January (1956) Constitution:

constitution implemented on 30 June 1998, partially suspended 12 December 1999 by President BASHIR; under the CPA, Interim National Constitution ratified 5 July 2005; Constitution of Southern Sudan signed December 2005 Legal system:

based on English common law and Islamic law; as of 20 January 1991, the now defunct Revolutionary Command Council imposed Islamic law in the northern states; Islamic law applies to all residents of the northern states regardless of their religion; however, the CPA establishes some protections for non-Muslims in Khartoum; some separate religious courts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; the southern legal system is still developing under the CPA following the civil war; Islamic law will not apply to the southern states Suffrage:

17 years of age; universal Executive branch:

chief of state: President Umar Hassan Ahmad al-BASHIR (since 16 October 1993); First Vice President Salva KIIR (since 4 August 2005), Vice President Ali Osman TAHA (since 20 September 2005); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government head of government: President Umar Hassan Ahmad al-BASHIR (since 16 October 1993); First Vice President Salva KIIR (since 4 August 2005), Vice President Ali Osman TAHA (since 20 September 2005) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president; note - the National Congress Party or NCP (formerly the National Islamic Front or NIF) dominates al-BASHIR's cabinet elections: election last held 13-23 December 2000; next to be held no later than July 2009 under terms of the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement election results: Umar Hassan Ahmad al-BASHIR reelected president; percent of vote - Umar Hassan Ahmad al-BASHIR 86.5%, Ja'afar Muhammed NUMAYRI 9.6%, three other candidates received a combined vote of 3.9%; election widely viewed as rigged; all popular opposition parties boycotted elections because of a lack of guarantees for a free and fair election note: al-BASHIR assumed power as chairman of Sudan's Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation (RCC) in June 1989 and served concurrently as chief of state, chairman of the RCC, prime minister, and minister of defense until mid-October 1993 when he was appointed president by the RCC; he was elected president by popular vote for the first time in March 1996 Legislative branch:

bicameral National Legislature consists of a Council of States (50 seats; members indirectly elected by state legislatures to serve six-year terms) and a National Assembly (450 seats; members presently appointed, but in the future 75% of members to be directly elected and 25% elected in special or indirect elections; to serve six-year terms) elections: last held 13-22 December 2000 (next to be held 2009) election results: NCP 355, others 5; note - replaced by appointments under the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement Judicial branch:

Constitutional Court of nine justices; National Supreme Court; National Courts of Appeal; other national courts; National Judicial Service Commission will undertake overall management of the National Judiciary Political parties and leaders:

National Congress Party or NCP [Umar Hassan al-BASHIR]; Sudan People's Liberation Movement or SPLM [Salva Mayardit KIIR]; and elements of the National Democratic Alliance or NDA including factions of the Democratic Union Party [Muhammad Uthman al-MIRGHANI] and Umma Party [SADIQ Siddiq al-Mahdi]; note - all political parties listed above in the Government of National Unity Political pressure groups and leaders:

Umma Party [Sadiq al-MAHDI]; Popular Congress Party or PCP [Hassan al-TURABI]

International organization participation:

ABEDA, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AU, CAEU, COMESA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer) Diplomatic representation in the US:

chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Akec KHOC Aciew Khoc chancery: 2210 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 338-8565 FAX: [1] (202) 667-2406

Diplomatic representation from the US:

chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Alberto M. FERNANDEZ embassy: Sharia Ali Abdul Latif Avenue, Khartoum mailing address: P. O. Box 699, Khartoum; APO AE 09829 telephone: [249] (183) 774701/2/3 FAX: [249] (183) 774137 note: US Consul in Cairo provides backup service for Khartoum Flag description:

three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with a green isosceles triangle based on the hoist side

<span style="color: rgb(240, 25, 25)">Environmental issues Nazim
Basic problems: -reclining supplies of potable water -declining wildlife populations(wars, excessive hunting) -soil erosion -desertification in Western region pushing eastward Affects of development on Environment: -IN the areas of the Sudd and Jonglei canal wildlife diversity is huge and the ecological system is/was flourishing -With new implementation of oil development in the area this has caused: ^Wild life endangerment, Animal migration, overhunting ^Death of cattle due to inaccess to water, overgrazing, and water sources conflicts ^Underground water poisoning because of Chinese methods of extracting oil, hazards to nearby wells and populations ^Evaporation and drying up of waterways and tributaries -This lack of regard for the environment has proved disastrous in other nations. Sudan's lack of attention is evident. -Even UN agencies dealing with such issues are underfunded, overlooked, and given very low priorities

Environment problems Involving Relief and Aid: -Camps are usually in very fragile environment -Fluctuations in inhabitance causes disruption to ecology in the area -Also causes to rapid depletion of resources in the area, causing overgrazing and ultimately erosion, desertification -Undrained water pools creates stagnant water able of carrying and transmitting diseases

·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none"> In February 1953, the United Kingdom and Egypt concluded an agreement providing for Sudanese self-government and self-determination. With the consent of the British and Egyptian Governments, Sudan achieved independence on January 1, 1956, under a provisional constitution. ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none"> However, in the run-up to the granting of Sudan's independence, the civil service and administration were placed increasingly in Northern Sudanese hands - largely excising the Soutern Sudanese from the government. The Arab-led Khartoum government reneged on promises to southerners to create a federal system, which led to a mutiny by Southern troops in the Equatoria Province. Feeling cheated, these separatist Southerners began an initially low-intensity civil war aimed at establishing an independent South. This war would last seventeen years, from 1955 to 1972. ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none"> For these 17 years, the southern region experienced civil strife, and various southern leaders agitated for regional autonomy or outright secession. This chronic state of insurgency against the central government was suspended in 1972 after the signing of the Addis Ababa Accords granting southern Sudan wide regional autonomy on internal matters. This led to a period of ten years of hiatus in the civil war. ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none"> Israel, for example, trained Anya Nya recruits and shipped weapons via Ethiopia and Uganda to the rebels. Anya Nya also purchased arms from Congolese rebels and international arms dealers with monies collected in the south and from among southern Sudanese exile communities in the Middle East, Western Europe, and North America. The rebels also captured arms, equipment, and supplies from government troops. ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none"> Government operations against the rebels declined after the 1969 coup. In 1971 Joseph Lagu, who had become the leader of southern forces opposed to Khartoum, proclaimed the creation of the Southern Sudan Liberation Movement (SSLM). Anya Nya leaders united behind him, and nearly all exiled southern politicians supported the SSLM. Although the SSLM created a governing infrastructure throughout many areas of southern Sudan, real power remained with Anya Nya, with Lagu at its head. ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none"> Eventually, however, the two sides, with the help of Ethiopia's Emperor Haile Selassie, reached an agreement. The Addis Ababa accords guaranteed autonomy for a southern region--composed of the three provinces of Equatoria (present-day Al Istiwai), Bahr al Ghazal, and Upper Nile (present-day Aali an Nil)--under a regional president appointed by the national president on the recommendation of an elected Southern Regional Assembly. ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">The Second war was in part instigated by the issue of the natural resources of Sudan, particularly in the south, where there are significant oil fields. Oil revenues make up about 70% of Sudan's export earnings. Due to numerous tributaries of the Nile River and heavier precipitation in southern Sudan, the south also has greater access to water, and is therefore much more fertile. The north of the country is on the edge of the Sahara desert. The northern desire to control these resources, and the southern desire to maintain control of them, contributed to the war.

<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">This chronic state of insurgency against the central government was suspended in 1972 after the signing of the Addis Ababa Accords granting southern Sudan wide regional autonomy on internal matters. In 1983, as part of an Islamicization campaign President Nimeiry declared his intention to transform Sudan into a Muslim Arab state, divided the south into three regions and instituted Shari’a law. This was controversial even among Muslim groups. After questioning Nimeiry's credentials to Islamicize Sudan's society, Ansar leader Sadiq al-Mahdi was placed under house arrest. <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">On 26 April 1983, President Nimeiry declared a state of emergency, in part to ensure that Shari’a was applied more broadly. Most constitutionally guaranteed rights were suspended. In the north, emergency courts, later known as "decisive justice courts", were established, with summary jurisdiction over criminal cases. Amputations for theft and public lashings for alcohol possession were common during the state of emergency. Southerners and other non-Muslims living in the north were also subjected to these punishments. These events, and other longstanding grievances, in part led to a resumption of the civil war. <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">In September 1984, President Nimeiry announced the end of the state of emergency and dismantled the emergency courts but soon promulgated a new judiciary act, which continued many of the practices of the emergency courts. Despite Nimeiry's public assurances that the rights of non-Muslims would be respected, southerners and other non-Muslims remained deeply suspicious

<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; color: rgb(255, 0, 0)">UN and US Sanctions Tibo:

• In March 2005, the UN Security Council has voted to apply sanctions on those who commit atrocities in Sudan's Darfur region.

• The US-drafted resolution, which passed 12-0 with abstentions from Russia, China and Algeria, was also aimed at strengthening an arms embargo on Sudan.

• A travel ban and an asset freeze has been imposed on those who hamper the peace process in Darfur.

• In April 2006, the UN Security Council has passed a resolution imposing sanctions against four Sudanese nationals accused of war crimes in Sudan's Darfur region.

• The four include two rebel leaders, a former Sudanese air force chief, and the leader of a pro-government militia, accused of widespread atrocities.

• In 2007, President Bush announced the United States was enforcing sanctions barring 31 Sudanese companies owned or controlled by Sudan's government from the US banking system. The sanctions also prevent three Sudanese individuals from doing business with US companies or banks.

<span style="color: rgb(240, 25, 25)">MDGs Tarek
<span style="color: rgb(204, 87, 9)"> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)">  Recent civil war and strife throughout the region of Darfur has impeded the progression of the MDG's. While Sudan has improved it's living conditions and access to basic needs for the population, Sudan is still struggling greatly with poverty, school attendance, gender rights and woman empowerment.

**<span style="color: rgb(204, 87, 9)"> MDG 1 Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger **

|| 50% || 45% || 90% || 45% || || 35% || 16% || 48% || 24% || (underweight for weight; % under 5) || 16% || 8% || 21% || 11% || <span style="color: rgb(204, 87, 9)"> <span style="color: rgb(204, 87, 9)"> MDG 2 Achieve Universal Primary Education **
 * <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"> Indicators || <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"> Northern Sudan || <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"> 2015 Target || <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"> Southern Sudan || <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"> 2015 Target ||
 * Estimated poverty incidence (% of total population) *
 * Prevalence of child malnutrition (underweight for age; % under 5)*
 * Prevalence of acute child malnutrition *
 * <span style="color: rgb(204, 87, 9)"> [[image:http://www.sd.undp.org/pic/mdg/logo2/6639_MDG2_resize.gif width="46" height="45" align="left" caption="external image 6639_MDG2_resize.gif"]]

|| 62% || 100% || 20% || 100% || || 21% || 100% || 2% || 100% || || 60-70% || 25%1 |||| (North and South || <span style="color: rgb(204, 87, 9)">
 * <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"> Indicators || <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"> Northern Sudan || <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"> 2015 Target || <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"> Southern Sudan || <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"> 2015 Target ||
 * Gross primary enrolment
 * Percentage of cohort completing primary
 * Adult literacy rate

<span style="color: rgb(204, 87, 9)"> MDG 3 Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women

|| 88% || 100% || 36% || 100% || || 62% || - || 12% || - || || 19% || - || 4% || 25% ||
 * <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"> Indicators || <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"> Northern Sudan || <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"> 2015 Target || <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"> Southern Sudan || <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"> 2015 Target ||
 * Ratio girls to boys in primary
 * Women’s literacy rate
 * Percentage of women in National Assembly/Council of States

MDG 4 Reduce Child Mortality **
 * <span style="color: rgb(204, 87, 9)"> [[image:http://www.sd.undp.org/pic/mdg/logo2/6641_MDG4_resize.gif width="46" height="45" align="left" caption="external image 6641_MDG4_resize.gif"]]

<span style="color: rgb(204, 87, 9)"> <span style="color: rgb(204, 87, 9)"> <span style="color: rgb(204, 87, 9)"> MDG 5 Improve Maternal Health
 * <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"> Indicators || <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"> Northern Sudan || <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"> 2015 Target || <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"> Southern Sudan || <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"> 2015 Target ||
 * Under-5 mortality rate (per 1,000)* || 105 || 35 || 126 || 83 ||
 * Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)* || 70 || - || 89 || - ||
 * One-year-olds immunized against measles * || 78% || - || 20.2% || - ||

|| 638 || 127 || 2,054 || 425 ||
 * <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"> Indicators || <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"> Northern Sudan || <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"> 2015 Target || <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"> Southern Sudan || <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"> 2015 Target ||
 * Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)
 * Birth attended by skilled health staff * || 57% || 90% || 5% || 90% ||

<span style="color: rgb(204, 87, 9)"> MDG 6 Combat HIV Aids, Malaria and other diseases

|| 7% || - || < 1% || - || || 1.6% || - || 2.3% || - || || 90 || - || 325 || - ||
 * <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"> Indicators || <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"> Northern Sudan || <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"> 2015 Target || <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"> Southern Sudan || <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"> 2015 Target ||
 * Contraceptive prevalence (% of women ages
 * HIV Prevalence (% adults ages 15-49)*
 * Incidence of TB (per 100,000 per
 * Children under 5 with fever treated with anti-malarials (%) || 54.2%* || - || || - ||

country policies and programmes; reverse loss of environmental resources **
 * <span style="color: rgb(204, 87, 9)"> [[image:http://www.sd.undp.org/pic/mdg/logo2/6644_MDG7_resize.gif width="46" height="45" align="left" caption="external image 6644_MDG7_resize.gif"]] MDG 7 Integrate the principles of sustainable development into

|| 58.7% || 85% || 48.3% || 75% || || 39.9% || 67% || 6.4% || 53% ||
 * <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"> Indicators || <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"> Northern Sudan || <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"> 2015 Target || <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"> Southern Sudan || <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"> 2015 Target ||
 * Access to improved drinking water source (% of population)*
 * Access to improved sanitation (% of population) *

MDG 8 Develop a Global Partnership for development **
 * <span style="color: rgb(204, 87, 9)"> [[image:http://www.sd.undp.org/pic/mdg/logo2/6645_MDG8_resize.gif width="46" height="45" align="left" caption="external image 6645_MDG8_resize.gif"]]

• To achieve the MDGs, Sudan will need to make significant investments to build the capacity of human resources, infrastructure and institutions as well as to mobilize resources to bridge the financial gap. • It is necessary that a continuous and sustained effort by the Sudanese people, its governments, and the international community is exerted to achieve MDG8. || . [| http://www.sd.undp.org/mdg_fact.htm]
 * <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"> Progress in Sudan ||
 * • The Darfur crisis is currently preventing progress in global partnership,

<span style="color: rgb(3, 3, 3)">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(3, 3, 3); font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: rgb(3, 3, 3); font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> <span style="font-size: 8pt; color: rgb(3, 3, 3); font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Society: <span style="font-size: 8pt; color: rgb(3, 3, 3); font-family: Symbol">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none"> Strong Muslim foundation; the way people think are in a way sexist. <span style="font-size: 8pt; color: rgb(3, 3, 3); font-family: Symbol">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none"> Traditional idea that men are superior <span style="font-size: 8pt; color: rgb(3, 3, 3); font-family: Symbol">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none"> Some laws are based on radical interpretations of Islam <span style="font-size: 8pt; color: rgb(3, 3, 3); font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> <span style="font-size: 8pt; color: rgb(3, 3, 3); font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">There have been efforts to improve the situation of Gender inequality in Sudan <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)">UNMIS Gender Unit: <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)"> ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none"> <span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">WHEN: <span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)">The GENDER UNIT was established in March 2005 (in accordance with UN Security Council Resolution (SCR) 1590) <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)"> ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none">  <span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)">WHY: To implement a plan of action to guide the process of gender mainstreaming in all aspects of the work of UNMIS. <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)"> ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none"> <span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">WHERE: <span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)">The Gender Unit is based in Khartoum <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)"> ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none"> <span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">WHO: <span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)">It is led by Amina Adam, Senior Gender Advisor, and currently consists of a team of 6 staff. <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)"> ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none"> <span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">GOAL: <span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)">In the coming months, the Gender Unit will be establishing 9 offices around the country, including in Darfur, the South and the East. Once fully operational, the UNMIS OGA will be one of the largest of DPKO's Gender Units. <span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; font-size: 8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)">The work of the UNMIS Gender Unit includes: <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; font-size: 10pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; font-family: Wingdings">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none"> <span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; font-size: 8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Providing leadership and guidance for all components of UNMIS on gender mainstreaming; <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; font-size: 10pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; font-family: Wingdings">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none"> <span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; font-size: 8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Providing training on gender issues for all incoming peacekeeping staff to UNMIS; <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; font-size: 10pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; font-family: Wingdings">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none"> <span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; font-size: 8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Facilitating the organization of meetings/workshops/seminars aimed at raising awareness and understanding of gender issues; <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; font-size: 10pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; font-family: Wingdings">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none"> <span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; font-size: 8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Providing support to the Government of National Unity (GoNU) and Government of Southern Sudan (GoSS) and the people of Sudan to facilitate the implementation of policies and programmes to advance gender equality within the context of the CPA; <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; font-size: 10pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; font-family: Wingdings">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none"> <span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; font-size: 8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Liaising and collaborating with other UN agencies working on gender issues, governmental bodies and civil society organizations, including women's organizations, and academic institutions; and <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; font-size: 10pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; font-family: Wingdings">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none"> <span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; font-size: 8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Developing a gender action plan specifically targeted to the Darfur emergency which will focus on prevention and response measures to address the high rate of reported incidents of sexual and gender-based violence. Sourcs: 1. http://www.unmis.org/English/gender.htm 2. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/su.html#Intro

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<span style="color: rgb(240, 25, 25)"><span style="color: rgb(240, 25, 25)"><span style="color: rgb(240, 25, 25)"><span style="color: rgb(240, 25, 25)">Treaties Andrew
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<span style="color: rgb(235, 0, 0)">Population Distribution
Sudan Tribune http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article8146